Your personal USB->midi->USB again
(note for the other readers: He wants a RasPi (QLC) in conjunction with a Arduino-board as a hardware device [because Rasp Pi lacks AD-conversion ??] to get BiDi comm between QLC and hardware)
i2C-bus is a medium = signals
medium = i2C data (=signals) -> where does it come from (and in what form) -> and who is sending where to? Obvious (in his quest) Arduino is getting hardware values and he wants the values to send over to QLC - BUT !!
the program -> you mean QLC+ on Rasp Pi? (in the end - that IS the endpoint)
What do you want to send to QLC+? not implemented because 'what' is unknown
What do you want to send to QLC+? Not implemented because 'where' (QLC? NO fist to RasPi)
Where do you want Arduino to send it to? Not implemented (QLC+) because 'to' is unknown (I assume through I2C on your raspi pi = ok but in what form??)
What do you want RasPi to listen for? Not implemented (QLC+) because 'what to send' is unknown
and so on ...
Buddy... I'm getting the whole picture thread by thread.
[for the other readers: he wants to construct a hardware 'wing' with feedback and he is crawling through possibilities]
As I said before: your problem is NOT connecting Arduino to Raspi Pi- that is at step 4 (or 6 or 20-some)
Your mind IS right that IT IS possible ... BUT !!
This might be the way to look at things:
Hardware (sliders, buttons, ...) -> Arduino -> triggers -> conversion (to something usefull) -> data (payload) -> medium -> communications layer (I2c, midi, ..., ARTnet) -> comms [dialect]-> trigger [on data]-> conversion [data] -> ... -> QLC+
feedback = same story but read-right-to-left
QLC+ -> feedback -> conversion -> (send)trigger -> medium (i2c / midi / ...) -> trigger -> conversion -> Arduino-output -> yeea we have a led burning...
Everytime you see '->' in above there HAS to be a process involved.
i2C will not solve your problems budy.
My advise: Spend hours & hours of development
OR buy yourself a decent midi-controller and 80% of your troubles are gone - really ... believe me (!!)